avrdude/tools/test-avrdude

#!/usr/bin/env bash

# published under GNU General Public License, version 3 (GPL-3.0)
# authors Hans Eirik Bull and Stefan Rueger, 2024

progname=$(basename "$0")
tfiles=$(dirname "$0")/test_files
tfiles=$(printf "%q" "$tfiles") # Quote directory string in case there are spaces etc

benchmark=0                     # If set to 1 does benchmark testing only
avrdude_conf=''                 # Configuration for every run, eg, '-C path_to_avrdude_conf'
delay=0.75                      # Some programmers need a delay between AVRDUDE calls
avrdude_bin=avrdude             # Executable
list_only=0                     # Normal run
declare -a pgm_and_target=()    # Array with test option strings, eg, "-c dryrun -p m328p"
skip_eeprom=0                   # Do not skip EEPROM tests for bootloaders by default
tmp=/dev/shm                    # Temporary RAM directory
addtests=0                      # Add dryrun/dryboot test cases?
verbose=0                       # Do not show AVRDUDE errors and warnings by default

Usage() {
cat <<END
Syntax: $progname {<opts>}
Function: test AVRDUDE for certain programmer and part combinations
Options:
    -b                          carry out four benchmark tests and summarise them
    -c <configuration spec>     additional configuration options used for all runs
    -d <sec>                    delay between test commands (default $delay seconds)
    -e <avrdude path>           set path of AVRDUDE executable (default $avrdude_bin)
    -l                          list test commands but do not execute them
    -p <programmer/part specs>  can be used multiple times, overrides default tests
    -s                          skip EEPROM tests for bootloaders
    -t <dir>                    temporary directory (default $tmp)
    -T                          Add dryrun/dryboot test cases to test $progname
    -v                          verbose: show AVRDUDE error and warning messages
    -? or -h                    show this help text
Note: some Windows environments require the option -t . or similar
Examples:
    \$ $progname -s -p "-c dryboot -p t13" -p "-c dryrun -p m4809"
    \$ $progname -d 2 -p "-cjtag2updi -patmega4809 -Pusb:2341:0058 -r"
END
}

while getopts ":\?hbc:d:e:lp:st:Tv" opt; do
  case ${opt} in
    b) benchmark=1
        ;;
    c) avrdude_conf="$OPTARG"
        ;;
    d) delay="$OPTARG"
        ;;
    e) avrdude_bin="$OPTARG"
        ;;
    l) list_only=1
        ;;
    p) pgm_and_target+=("$OPTARG")
        ;;
    s) skip_eeprom=1
        ;;
    t) tmp="$OPTARG"
        ;;
    T) addtests=1
        ;;
    v) verbose=1
        ;;
    --) shift;
        break
        ;;
   [h?])
       Usage; exit 0
        ;;
   \?) echo "Invalid option: -$OPTARG" 1>&2
       Usage; exit 1
        ;;
   : ) echo "Invalid option: -$OPTARG requires an argument" 1>&2
       Usage; exit 1
       ;;
  esac
done
shift $((OPTIND -1))

if [[ $addtests -eq 1 ]]; then
  pgm_and_target+=(
    "-c dryrun  -p at89s51"       "-c dryrun  -p at89s52"       "-c dryboot -p at90can32"
    "-c dryrun  -p at90can32"     "-c dryboot -p at90s1200"     "-c dryboot -p at90s2313"
    "-c dryrun  -p at90s2313"     "-c dryboot -p at90s4414"     "-c dryrun  -p at90s4414"
    "-c dryboot -p at90s8515"     "-c dryrun  -p at90s8515"     "-c dryboot -p atmega103"
    "-c dryrun  -p atmega103"     "-c dryboot -p atmega128rfr2" "-c dryrun  -p atmega128rfr2"
    "-c dryboot -p atmega163"     "-c dryrun  -p atmega163"     "-c dryboot -p atmega16"
    "-c dryrun  -p atmega16"      "-c dryboot -p atmega16hva"   "-c dryrun  -p atmega16hva"
    "-c dryboot -p atmega2560"    "-c dryrun  -p atmega2560"    "-c dryboot -p atmega256rfr2"
    "-c dryrun  -p atmega256rfr2" "-c dryboot -p atmega406"     "-c dryrun  -p atmega406"
    "-c dryboot -p atmega4808"    "-c dryrun  -p atmega4808"    "-c dryboot -p atmega640"
    "-c dryrun  -p atmega640"     "-c dryboot -p atmega64"      "-c dryrun  -p atmega64"
    "-c dryboot -p atmega64hve2"  "-c dryrun  -p atmega64hve2"  "-c dryboot -p atmega64rfr2"
    "-c dryrun  -p atmega64rfr2"  "-c dryboot -p atmega808"     "-c dryrun  -p atmega808"
    "-c dryboot -p atmega8"       "-c dryrun  -p atmega8"       "-c dryrun  -p attiny11"
    "-c dryboot -p attiny13"      "-c dryrun  -p attiny13"      "-c dryboot -p attiny1604"
    "-c dryrun  -p attiny1604"    "-c dryboot -p attiny202"     "-c dryrun  -p attiny202"
    "-c dryrun  -p attiny20"      "-c dryboot -p attiny261"     "-c dryrun  -p attiny26"
    "-c dryrun  -p attiny28"      "-c dryboot -p attiny3216"    "-c dryrun  -p attiny3216"
    "-c dryboot -p attiny3224"    "-c dryrun  -p attiny3224"    "-c dryboot -p attiny402"
    "-c dryrun  -p attiny402"     "-c dryrun  -p attiny40"      "-c dryboot -p attiny461"
    "-c dryrun  -p attiny461"     "-c dryboot -p attiny48"      "-c dryrun  -p attiny48"
    "-c dryrun  -p attiny4"       "-c dryboot -p attiny804"     "-c dryrun  -p attiny804"
    "-c dryboot -p attiny828"     "-c dryrun  -p attiny828"     "-c dryboot -p attiny88"
    "-c dryrun  -p attiny88"      "-c dryrun  -p attiny9"       "-c dryboot -p atxmega128a4"
    "-c dryrun  -p atxmega128a4"  "-c dryboot -p atxmega128a4u" "-c dryrun  -p atxmega128a4u"
    "-c dryboot -p atxmega128c3"  "-c dryrun  -p atxmega128c3"  "-c dryboot -p atxmega16a4u"
    "-c dryrun  -p atxmega16a4u"  "-c dryboot -p atxmega16e5"   "-c dryrun  -p atxmega16e5"
    "-c dryboot -p atxmega192a1"  "-c dryrun  -p atxmega192a1"  "-c dryboot -p atxmega192c3"
    "-c dryrun  -p atxmega192c3"  "-c dryboot -p atxmega256a1"  "-c dryrun  -p atxmega256a1"
    "-c dryboot -p atxmega256c3"  "-c dryrun  -p atxmega256c3"  "-c dryboot -p atxmega32a4u"
    "-c dryrun  -p atxmega32a4u"  "-c dryboot -p atxmega32e5"   "-c dryrun  -p atxmega32e5"
    "-c dryboot -p atxmega384c3"  "-c dryrun  -p atxmega384c3"  "-c dryboot -p atxmega64a4"
    "-c dryrun  -p atxmega64a4"   "-c dryboot -p atxmega64a4u"  "-c dryrun  -p atxmega64a4u"
    "-c dryboot -p atxmega8e5"    "-c dryrun  -p atxmega8e5"    "-c dryboot -p avr128da28"
    "-c dryrun  -p avr128da28"    "-c dryboot -p avr16ea28"     "-c dryrun  -p avr16ea28"
    "-c dryboot -p avr32da28"     "-c dryrun  -p avr32da28"     "-c dryboot -p avr32ea28"
    "-c dryrun  -p avr32ea28"     "-c dryboot -p avr64da28"     "-c dryrun  -p avr64da28"
    "-c dryboot -p avr64dd14"     "-c dryrun  -p avr64dd14"     "-c dryboot -p avr64du28"
    "-c dryrun  -p avr64du28"     "-c dryboot -p avr64ea28"     "-c dryrun  -p avr64ea28"
    "-c dryboot -p avr8ea28"      "-c dryrun  -p avr8ea28"      "-c dryboot -p lgt8f328p"
    "-c dryrun  -p lgt8f328p"
  )
fi

if [[ ${#pgm_and_target[@]} -eq 0 ]]; then
  # Default tests in absence of -p
  pgm_and_target+=(
    "-cpkobn_updi -B1 -patmega3208"
    "-cpkobn_updi -B1 -patmega3209"
    "-cpkobn_updi -B1 -patmega4808"
    "-cjtag2updi -patmega4809 -Pusb:2341:0058 -r"
    "-cpkobn_updi -B1 -pattiny3217"
    "-cpkobn_updi -B1 -pavr128da48"
    "-cpkobn_updi -B1 -pavr128db48"
    "-cpkobn_updi -B1 -pavr64dd32"
    "-cpkobn_updi -B1 -pavr64ea48"
    "-cpkobn_updi -B1 -pavr16eb32"
    "-cxplainedmini_isp -patmega328pb"
    "-cxplainedmini_updi -pattiny1616"
    "-cxplainedmini_updi -pattiny3217"
    "-cxplainedpro_updi -B1 -pattiny817"
    "-cxplainedpro_pdi -B0.5 -patxmega128a1u"
    "-cxplainedpro -B4MHz -patmega256rfr2"
  )
fi

arraylength=${#pgm_and_target[@]}

if ! type "$avrdude_bin" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
    echo "$progname: cannot execute $avrdude_bin"
    type "$avrdude_bin"
    exit 1
fi

[[ -d $tmp && -w $tmp ]] || tmp=/tmp # Fall back to /tmp if tmp directory unusable
status=$(mktemp "$tmp/$progname.status.XXXXXX")
logfile=$(mktemp "$tmp/$progname.log.XXXXXX")
outfile=$(mktemp "$tmp/$progname.out.XXXXXX")
tmpfile=$(mktemp "$tmp/$progname.tmp.XXXXXX")
resfile=$(mktemp "$tmp/$progname.res.XXXXXX")
trap "rm -f $status $logfile $outfile $tmpfile $resfile" EXIT

echo -n "Testing $(type -p "$avrdude_bin")"
$avrdude_bin -v 2>&1 | grep '[vV]ersion' | sed 's/^.* [Vv]ersion//' | head -n1 > "$outfile"
if test -s "$outfile"; then
    cat "$outfile"
else
    echo ": error obtaining version from '$avrdude_bin -v'"
    $avrdude_bin -v
    exit 1
fi

devnull=$tmpfile                # Cannot use /dev/null as file in Windows avrdude

TIMEFORMAT=%R                   # time built-in only returns elapsed wall-clock time
elapsed=-1                      # Global variable holding time of last execute command in seconds
bench_t=-1                      # Copy of global variable holding time of last execute command
command=(sleep 0.1)             # Array with AVRDUDE command
emulated=0                      # Is programmer dryrun or dryboot, ie, programming is emulated?

# Execute args as command, set $elapsed and return exit value of command; don't call in a subshell
execute () {
  if [[ $list_only -eq 1 ]]; then
    echo "\$ ${command[@]}" | sed "s/ -l [^ ]* / /" | tr -s " "
    return 0;
  fi
  [[ $emulated -eq 0 && $elapsed != -1 ]] && sleep "$delay"
  # These shenanigans keep stdout, stderr and the exit code of the command
  { read elapsed < <({ time { eval "$@"; echo $? >"$status"; } 2>&4 4>&-; } 4>&2 2>&1 >&3 3>&-); } 3>&1
  return $(cat "$status")
}

# Evaluate condition, print execution time and success or failure
result () {
  local ret;

  eval "$@" && ret=0 || ret=1
  if [[ $list_only -eq 0 ]]; then
    if [[ $ret -eq 0 ]]; then
      echo ✅ "$(printf '%7.3f s' $elapsed): $specify"
      bench_t=$(printf '%5.2f s' $elapsed)
    else
      echo ❌ "$(printf '%7.3f s' $elapsed): $specify (failed command below)"
      echo "\$ ${command[@]}" | sed "s/ -l [^ ]* / /" | tr -s " "
      fail=true
      bench_char="❌"
      bench_t=error
      exitstate=1
      [[ $emulated -eq 0 ]] && sleep 4 # Let the hw settle down before next test
    fi
    [[ $verbose -eq 1 ]] && { cat $logfile $outfile; }
  else
    cat $outfile
  fi
  cp /dev/null $outfile; cp /dev/null $logfile; elapsed=-999; specify="unknown"; command=(sleep 0.1)
  return $ret
}

nofusetest=(-pattiny11/ -pt11/ -pattiny12/ -pt12/ -pattiny15/ -pt15/ -pat89s51/ -p89s51/
  -pat89s52/ -p89s52/ -pat90s1200/ -p1200/ -pat90s4414/ -p4414/ -pat90s2313/ -p2313/ -pat90s2333/
  -p2333/ -pat90s2343/ -p2343/ -pat90s2323/ -p2323/ -pattiny22/ -pt22/ -pat90s4433/ -p4433/
  -pat90s8515/ -p8515/ -pat90s8535/ -p8535/ -pat90s4434/ -p4434/ -patmega163/ -pm163/
  -patmega161/ -pm161/ -pattiny28/ -pt28/ -patxmega64a4/ -px64a4/ -patxmega128a4/ -px128a4/
  -patxmega192a1/ -px192a1/ -patxmega256a1/ -px256a1/ -pat32uc3a0512/ -puc3a0512/ -pavr8ea28/
  -pavr8ea28/ -pavr8ea32/ -pavr8ea32/ -plgt8f88p/ -plgt8f88p/ -plgt8f168p/ -plgt8f168p/
  -plgt8f328p/ -plgt8f328p/)

if [[ $benchmark -eq 1 ]]; then
  echo
  echo The benchmark shows the wall clock time of avrdude carrying out the following tasks
  echo "  -" Fl-ewv: erase flash, then write a sketch with three sections separated by holes, and verify
  echo "  -" Fl-r: read the entire flash memory and write to file
  echo "  -" EE-wv: write data to EEPROM with two data sections separated by a hole, and verify
  echo "  -" EE-r: read the entire EEPROM memory and write to file
  echo
  echo The sketch and data payload is roughly one sixth of the respective memory size
  echo
  echo '| | `-c pgm` | `-p part` | Fl-ewv | Fl-r | EE-wv | EE-r | Comments |'
  echo '|:-:|--:|--:|--:|--:|--:|--:|:--|'
fi

exitstate=0
for (( p=0; p<$arraylength; p++ )); do
  # Isolate programmer and part (assumes -c prog or -cprog but not sth more tricky such as -qc prog)
  programmer=$(echo ${pgm_and_target[$p]} | sed 's/.* *-c *\([^ ]*\) *.*/\1/g' | tr A-Z a-z)
  part=$(echo ${pgm_and_target[$p]} | sed 's/.* *-p *\([^ ]*\) *.*/\1/g')
  lpart=$(echo $part | tr A-Z a-z)
  rest=$(echo ${pgm_and_target[$p]} | sed -e's/ *-[cpP] *[^ ]* */ /g' -e's/  */ /g')
  emulated=0
  [[ "$programmer" == dryrun || "$programmer" == dryboot ]] && emulated=1

  if [[ $list_only -eq 1 ]]; then
    [[ p -ne 0 ]] && echo
    echo "# ${pgm_and_target[$p]}"
    key=''
  else
    echo "Prepare \"${pgm_and_target[$p]}\" and press 'enter' or 'space' to continue. Press any other key to skip"
    read -n1 -s -r -p $'' key
    [[ $emulated -eq 0 ]] && sleep 0.15 # Debounce key when not using dryrun/dryboot
  fi
  bench_char="✅"; bench_t_flwr=--; bench_t_flrd=--; bench_t_eewr=--; bench_t_eerd=--

  if [ "$key" == '' ]; then
    fail=false
    avrdude=($avrdude_bin -l $logfile $avrdude_conf -qq ${pgm_and_target[$p]})

    # Get flash and EEPROM size in bytes and make sure the numbers are in dec form
    flash_size=$($avrdude_bin $avrdude_conf -c dryrun -p $part -T 'part -m' 2>/dev/null | grep flash | awk '{print $2}')
    bench_flwr_size=$((flash_size/6)) # Approximate(!) size of file holes_rjmp_loops_${flash_size}B.hex
    ee_size=$($avrdude_bin $avrdude_conf -c dryrun -p $part -T 'part -m' 2>/dev/null | grep eeprom | awk '{print $2}')
    bench_eewr_size=$((ee_size/6)) # Approximate(!) size of file holes_pack_my_box_${ee_size}B.hex

    if [[ -z "$flash_size" ]]; then
      echo "Cannot detect flash; check that \"${pgm_and_target[$p]}\" are valid avrdude options; skipping this test"
      continue
    fi

    # Memories that may or may not be present
    usersig_size=$(${avrdude[@]} -cdryrun -T 'part -m' 2>/dev/null | grep usersig | awk '{print $2}') # R/W

    # Is the to be tested programmer for a bootloader?
    is_bootloader=0
    if [ -n "$programmer" ]; then
      ($avrdude_bin $avrdude_conf -c"$programmer"/At 2>/dev/null | grep -q prog_modes.PM_SPM) && is_bootloader=1
    fi

    # Should we test fuses?
    fusetest=1
    [[ -n "$lpart" && "${nofusetest[@]}" =~ -p"$lpart/" ]] && fusetest=0

    # Should EEPROM test be carried out?
    check_eeprom=1
    [[ -z "$ee_size" ]] && check_eeprom=0
    [[ $is_bootloader -eq 1 && $skip_eeprom -eq 1 ]] && check_eeprom=0

    #####
    # Dryrun tests for high-level progrmmer-independent tests (only for -m2560 or similar)
    #
    if [[ "$programmer" == dryrun && $flash_size -eq 262144 && $benchmark -eq 0 ]]; then
      # Raw test
      specify="flash raw format -T/-U write/verify cola-vending-machine.raw"
      command=(${avrdude[@]}
        -T '"erase flash; write flash -512 0xc0cac01a 0xcafe \"secret Coca .bin recipe\""'
        -U flash:w:$tfiles/cola-vending-machine.raw
        -T '"write flash -1024 \"Hello World\""')
      execute "${command[@]}" > $outfile
      result [[ ! -s $outfile '&&' ! -s $logfile ]]

      specify="flash extended address and hole test"
      command=(${avrdude[@]} -U flash:w:$tfiles/blink-mega2560+lext-test.hex)
      execute "${command[@]}"
      result [ $? == 0 ]

      # Test binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal and R number lists for I/O
      numsys() {
	  # this function replaces constant associative array, as
	  # macos bash does not support associative arrays.
	  case "$1" in
	      b) echo "binary" ;;
	      o) echo "octal" ;;
	      d) echo "decimal" ;;
	      h) echo "hexadecimal" ;;
	      R) echo "R" ;;
	  esac
      }
      for fmt in b o d h R; do
        specify="flash writing $(numsys "$fmt") numbers"
        command=(${avrdude[@]}
          -U $tfiles/urboot_m2560_1s_x16m0_115k2_uart0_rxe0_txe1_led+b7_pr_ee_ce.hex
          -T '"write flash 0x3fd00 0xc0cac01a 0xcafe \"secret Coca Cola recipe\""'
          -U flash:w:$tfiles/cola-vending-machine.raw
          -U flash:r:$tmpfile:$fmt)
        execute "${command[@]}"
        result [ $? == 0 ]

        specify="flash reading and verifying $(numsys "$fmt") numbers"
        command=(${avrdude[@]}
          -U flash:w:$tmpfile:$fmt
          -U flash:r:$resfile:r)
        execute "${command[@]}"
        result cmp -s $resfile $tfiles/expected-flash-m2560.raw
        cp /dev/null $tmpfile; cp /dev/null $resfile
      done

      specify="flash writing srec format"
      command=(${avrdude[@]}
        -U $tfiles/urboot_m2560_1s_x16m0_115k2_uart0_rxe0_txe1_led+b7_pr_ee_ce.hex
        -T '"write flash 0x3fd00 0xc0cac01a 0xcafe \"secret Coca Cola recipe\""'
        -U flash:w:$tfiles/cola-vending-machine.raw
        -U flash:r:$tmpfile:s)
      execute "${command[@]}"
      result [ $? == 0 ]

      specify="flash reading and verifying srec format file"
      command=(${avrdude[@]}
        -U flash:w:$tmpfile:s
        -U flash:v:$tfiles/expected-flash-m2560.raw:r)
      execute "${command[@]}"
      result [ $? == 0 ]
      cp /dev/null $tmpfile
    fi

    #####
    # Fuse test (bootloaders usually cannot set fuses)
    #
    if [[ $is_bootloader -ne 1 && $fusetest -eq 1 && $benchmark -eq 0 ]]; then
      if [ -n "$ee_size" ]; then
        specify="fuse access: clear, set and read eesave fuse bit"
        command=(${avrdude[@]} -T '"config eesave=0; config eesave=1; config eesave"')
      else
        specify="fuse access: clear, set and read wdton fuse bit"
        command=(${avrdude[@]} -T '"config wdton=0; config wdton=1; config wdton"')
      fi
      execute "${command[@]}" > $outfile
      fusebit=$(grep ^config $outfile | awk '{print $4}')
      sed -e/^config/d -e/"> "/d $outfile > ${outfile}-2
      mv ${outfile}-2 $outfile
      result [[ '"$fusebit"' == 1 '&&' ! -s $outfile '&&' ! -s $logfile ]]

      if [ -n "$ee_size" ]; then
        specify="fuse access: set eesave fusebit to delete EEPROM on chip erase"
        command=(${avrdude[@]} -T '"config eesave=ee*erased"')
        execute "${command[@]}" > $outfile
        sed -e/^config/d -e/"> "/d $outfile > ${outfile}-2
        mv ${outfile}-2 $outfile
        result [[ ! -s $outfile  '&&' ! -s $logfile ]]
      fi
    fi

    ######
    # Chip erase for defined initial state
    #
    if [ $benchmark -eq 0 ]; then
      specify="chip erase"
      # Emulated chip erase needs a tiny file be uploaded
      command=(${avrdude[@]} -e -FAU flash:w:0xff:m)
      execute "${command[@]}"
      result [ $? == 0 ]
    fi

    #####
    # Flash test: a relatively difficult file with two code blocks and one data block with holes
    #
    specify="flash -U write/verify holes_rjmp_loops_${flash_size}B.hex"
    command=(${avrdude[@]} -Uflash:w:$tfiles/holes_rjmp_loops_${flash_size}B.hex)
    execute "${command[@]}"
    result [ $? == 0 ]
    if [[ $? != 0 && $benchmark -eq 0 ]]; then # Not working? try a file without holes
      specify="flash -U write/verify rjmp_loops_for_bootloaders_${flash_size}B.hex"
      command=(${avrdude[@]} -Uflash:w:$tfiles/rjmp_loops_for_bootloaders_${flash_size}B.hex)
      execute "${command[@]}"
      result [ $? == 0 ]
    fi
    bench_t_flwr=$bench_t

    if [[ $benchmark -eq 1 ]]; then
      specify="flash -U read all flash"
      command=(${avrdude[@]} -Uflash:r:$devnull)
      execute "${command[@]}"
      result [ $? == 0 ]
      bench_t_flrd=$bench_t
    fi

    if [[ $benchmark -eq 0 ]]; then
      specify="flash -T write/verify holes_rjmp_loops_${flash_size}B.hex"
      command=(${avrdude[@]} -T '"write flash '$tfiles/holes_rjmp_loops_${flash_size}B.hex:a'"')
      execute "${command[@]}" > $outfile
      result [[ ! -s $outfile '&&' ! -s $logfile ]]
      if [ $? != 0 ]; then        # Not working? try a file without holes
        specify="flash -T write/verify rjmp_loops_for_bootloaders_${flash_size}B.hex"
        command=(${avrdude[@]} -T '"write flash '$tfiles/rjmp_loops_for_bootloaders_${flash_size}B.hex:a'"')
        execute "${command[@]}" > $outfile
        result [[ ! -s $outfile '&&' ! -s $logfile ]]
      fi
    fi

    ######
    # EEPROM tests
    #
    if [ $check_eeprom -eq 1 ]; then
      if [ $benchmark -eq 1 ]; then
        specify="eeprom -U write/verify holes_pack_my_box_${ee_size}B.hex"
        command=(${avrdude[@]} -Ueeprom:w:$tfiles/holes_pack_my_box_${ee_size}B.hex)
        execute "${command[@]}"
        result [ $? == 0 ]
        bench_t_eewr=$bench_t

        specify="eeprom -U read all"
        command=(${avrdude[@]} -Ueeprom:r:$devnull)
        execute "${command[@]}"
        result [ $? == 0 ]
        bench_t_eerd=$bench_t
      else
        # -U cannot cope with EEPROMs that are unable to set cleared bits but
        # the terminal can if the eesave fuse makes chip erase erase EEPROM
        specify="eeprom check whether programmer can flip 0s to 1s"
        command=(${avrdude[@]}  -Ueeprom:w:0x55:m -Ueeprom:w:0xaa:m)
        execute "${command[@]}"
        result [ $? == 0 ]
        if [ $? == 0 ]; then      # OK, try a file with holes
          specify="eeprom -U write/verify holes_pack_my_box_${ee_size}B.hex"
          command=(${avrdude[@]} -Ueeprom:w:$tfiles/holes_pack_my_box_${ee_size}B.hex)
          execute "${command[@]}"
          result [ $? == 0 ]
          if [ $? != 0 ]; then        # Not working? try a file without holes
            specify="eeprom -U write/verify the_quick_brown_fox_${ee_size}B.hex"
            command=(${avrdude[@]} -Ueeprom:w:$tfiles/the_quick_brown_fox_${ee_size}B.hex)
            execute "${command[@]}"
            result [ $? == 0 ]
          fi
        else
          echo "# ... the next test may therefore take longer"
        fi

        specify="eeprom -T write/verify holes_{the_five_boxing_wizards,pack_my_box}_${ee_size}B.hex"
        command=(${avrdude[@]}
          -T '"write eeprom '$tfiles/holes_the_five_boxing_wizards_${ee_size}B.hex:a'"'
          -T flush
          -T '"write eeprom '$tfiles/holes_pack_my_box_${ee_size}B.hex:a'"')
        execute "${command[@]}" > $outfile
        result [[ ! -s $outfile '&&' ! -s $logfile ]]
        if [ $? != 0 ]; then        # Not working? try a file without holes
          specify="eeprom -T write/verify lorem_ipsum_${ee_size}B.srec"
          command=(${avrdude[@]} -T '"write eeprom '$tfiles/lorem_ipsum_${ee_size}B.srec:a'"')
          execute "${command[@]}" > $outfile
          result [[ ! -s $outfile '&&' ! -s $logfile ]]
        fi
      fi
    fi

    ######
    # Chip erase and verify
    #
    if [[ $benchmark -eq 0 ]]; then
      specify="chip erase and spot check flash is actually erased"
      command=(${avrdude[@]} -e -FAU flash:w:0xff:m
        -U flash:v:$tfiles/holes_flash_0xff_${flash_size}B.hex)
      execute "${command[@]}"
      result [ $? == 0 ]
      if [[ $? == 0 && $check_eeprom -eq 1 && $is_bootloader -eq 0 ]]; then
        specify="spot check eeprom is erased, too"
        command=(${avrdude[@]} -Ueeprom:v:$tfiles/holes_eeprom_0xff_${ee_size}B.hex)
        execute "${command[@]}"
        result [ $? == 0 ]
      fi
    fi

    ######
    # Write and verify random data to usersig if present
    #
    if [[ -n "$usersig_size" && $is_bootloader -ne 1 && $benchmark -eq 0 ]]; then
      specify="usersig -T/-U write/read random_data_${usersig_size}B.bin"
      command=(${avrdude[@]}
        -T '"erase usersig; write usersig '$tfiles/random_data_${usersig_size}B.bin'"'
        -T flush
        -U usersig:r:$tmpfile:r
        -U usersig:v:$tmpfile:r
        -T '"erase usersig"'
        -T flush
        -U usersig:v:$tfiles/0xff_${usersig_size}B.hex:i)
      execute "${command[@]}" >$outfile
      result [[ ! -s $outfile '&&' ! -s $logfile ]] '&&' cmp -s "$tfiles/random_data_${usersig_size}B.bin" "$tmpfile"
      cp /dev/null $tmpfile
    fi

    if [ $benchmark -eq 1 ]; then
      echo "|$bench_char|$programmer|$part|$bench_t_flwr|$bench_t_flrd|$bench_t_eewr|$bench_t_eerd|$rest|"
    fi

    if [ $fail == true ]; then
      echo ''
      read -rep "One or more AVRDUDE \"${pgm_and_target[$p]}\" tests failed. Do you want to retry this particular test? (y/n): " choice
      case "$choice" in
        [yY])
          p=$p-1; # Re-run the same for-loop iterator
          ;;
        *)
          # Continue with the next hardware setup in the list
          ;;
      esac
    fi

  fi #key
done #for

exit $exitstate